peaceful mind, open heart

Yoga evolved from an ancient meditation heritage with origins in venerable Brahman texts called Vedas. As Brahmanism evolved into modern day Hinduism, revelations and teachings from the Upanishads defined yoga as a means of achieving liberation from suffering. Modern relics from these texts are found in karma (action or ritual) and jnana (wisdom and knowledge) yoga, as well as the practice of connecting the breath and mind with the symbol om.  The most recent, influential text is Patanjali's Yoga Sutras (100-500 B.C.E.) which comprises 196 aphorisms (basic tenets or ideologies) and details an eight-fold path (or 8 limbs) of yoga.  

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The different limbs of Patanjali's yoga are yamas (ethical disciplines), niyamas (observances), asana (classic poses), pranayama (breath work), pratyahara (withdrawl from the senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (complete surrender to the Absolute). The five yamas transcend race, country, age and time and include ahimsa - non-harming or non-violence, satya  - truthfulness, asteya - non-stealing, brahmacharya - moderation and aparigraha - non-coveting. The five niyamas are saucha - purification of our body and mind, santosha - contentment and detachment, tapas - austerity and self-discipline, swadhyaya - self study and ishwara prandihana - dedication or surrender to the higher Self (Absolute) and letting go of the ego (self).            

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Do not be overwhelmed by the seemingly impossible path outlined by Patanjali. Remember the importance and value of intention and honor that. I view the yamas and niyamas as qualities of an ideal role model. Depending on the day and even the moment, some of these qualities are easier to cultivate than others  As an avid reader who loves knowledge, swadhyaya is relatively effortless. On the other hand, my humanity (and addiction to chocolate) represents a formidable obstacle to brahmacharya. Ahimsa is a non-harming, violence-free doctrine applicable to our relationships with people, nature and ourselves. Loving who and what we are without self-deprecation, self-criticism and self-hatred is ahimsa, and by far one of the more challenging disciplines.


Asana and pranayama constitute most modern styles of yoga, thereby honoring the ancient practice of mindfulness by connecting the conscious (asana) with the

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subconscious (pranayama). Although the limbs of yoga are intertwined, the remaining four limbs follow a logical sequence. For example, in order to surrender to the Absolute (samadhi), we need to master the art of meditation (dhyana), which in part emerges from our ability to concentrate or remain steadfast (dharana). As yogis, we develop our ability to concentrate by withdrawing from our senses (pratyahara), quieting our minds, and letting go of that which doesn't serve us.

The evolution of modern yoga is entrenched in an ancient history, and philosophical ideology which can't be summarized in a single blog entry. To truly appreciate its depth, beauty and authenticity, as well as to discover how and what resonates with you, a more thorough exploration of yoga's history and philosophy is necessary.


Books are infinite in number and time is short, therefore the secret to knowledge is to take only what is essential. Take what is essential and try to live up to it. - Sri Swami Vivekananda

How do you embrace the eight limbs of yoga?
Enjoy your exploration!

Namaste













Sources
Carrera, J. Rev. 2006. Inside the Yoga Sutras. Integral Yoga Publications, Buckingham, VA.

Iyengar, B.K.S., 2001. Light on Yoga. Thorsons, Hammersmith, London.

Jois, P.K., Yoga Mala. North Point Press, New York, NY.

Sparrow, L., 2008. Yoga. A Yoga Journal Book, Universe Publishing, Berkley, California.